Basic Sanskrit Grammar

Part 1

History of Medicine - 3

Spread of Western medicine in India -

— 1600 AD - Portuguese  first introduced Western medicine into India.

—  In 1600 AD , set up of  medical departments, with surgeons,  to provide medical relief to the troops and employees of the East India Company

— In 1775, hospital boards including  Surgeon General and Physician General

— Medical departments were setup in Bengal, Madras, and Bombay

— In 1822, the Native Medical Institution was established in Calcutta to provide medical training to Indians.

—  Around 20 young Indian students were instructed in the vernacular medium. European texts in anatomy, medicine, and surgery were translated into the local languages for the benefit of students.

 — Parallel instruction was given in both Western and indigenous medical systems

Negative effect on Ayurved education--

—  In late 1700- AD and 1800 :  almost all small kingdoms : almost lost their ruling capacities

—  1835 :The termination of official patronage to indigenous systems of medicine

— Well respected and standardised GURUKUL systems could not survive without any aids

— Govt. Aids to Institutes of western medicines only

— Education of Ayurved got restrictions.

— Remain as localised medicine to small provinces.

Positive Changes after Independence -

  ü Govt Support in terms of funds / place / personnel

  ü Formation of Governing Councils

  ü Establishment of Institutes at various leve

  ü Researches

ü RECOGNITION IN COUNTRY

ü GLOBALISATION

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History of Medicine - 2

History of Medicine – 2

Renaissance period --

— The Renaissance is a period from the 14th to the 17th century, considered the bridge between the middle ages and modern history. It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the late medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe.

— Renaissance  = rebirth

— During the Renaissance people experienced changes in art, ethics, learning, and many other things.

— Followed by breakthrough inventions in physics and chemistry

— Technological development started

—Brought major changes to world

— Allopathy flourished  and  spread fast with  inventions based on physics and chemistry and technology

                                Simultaneously

World Changed after Renaissance

— Colonial powers from western world became more strong

— British empire  : strongest

— Captured more than 50  % land  ….. Major part of  Asia was captured by  British empire including India – the then ‘Hindustan’.

Impact on India----

— The then Hindustan was divided in small and big kingdoms at the time of entrance of British Colonial power.

Right from the beginning of their relationship with India, the British, who had came as traders and became rulers and administrators, had influenced the economic and political systems of the country. 

Gradual but deep impact on

— Education system

— Life style

— Religious faiths

(Part 2)

                                                                       

                                                                        (Contd…)

Nidaan Notes (Charak Samhita)

Nidaan ::: General Outline
1. Diagnosis
2.  Cause of disease

3 Main Causes --

•      Asatmya-indriyartha-samyog

•      Pradnya –aparadh

•      Time factor

  Each one is important.

Time factor : unavoidable

Types of Vyaadhi--

Physical:

•      Aagneya

•      Saumya

•      Vaayaveeya

Psychological:

•      Raajas

•      Taamas

Synonyms of Vyaadhi --

•      Vyadhi : giving so many pains/discomforts

•      Aamay: developing from Aam

•      Aatank: leading to miserable life

•      Yakshma: corresponding to ‘Syndrome’

•      Jwara: involving both – mind & body

•      Roga: painful

•      Vikaar: indicating changes in normalcy 

Nidana-Panchaka --

•      Nidan == causes of disease

•      Purvaroop == pre-symptoms

•      Roop == signs & symptoms

•      Upashaya == treatment applied for confirmation of diagnosis

•      Samprapti == process of disease development

3 Main Steps of Sampraapti --

1.Dosha – dushti ----

                abnormality of Dosha due to specific Hetu:

   e g – Shimbi-dhanya (cereals)== increase in Ruksha-guna of Vaata

2. Dosha- visrpana ----

                      Circulation of abnormal Dosha

3. Vyadhi-vyakti -----

                expression of disease with signs & symptoms

Types of Sampraapti--

•      Vikalpa Samprapti: Judgment of Dosha-gunas responsible for disease.

•      Samkhya : counting of types of a disease

•      Praadhanya :    dominant Dosha

•      Bal-kaal:  time of aggravation of disease (eg- kapahja ---in Vasant ritu/ morning )

                                                                                                          (part one)

History of Medicine - 1

History of Medicine

Ancient World

                  Main 3 medicinal systems in ancient times:

—  Indian Medicine

—  Chinese Medicine

—  Greek Medicine

Ancient India

  

—  Indian Medicine: :   AYURVED 

Ø Origin from Vedas : 2000  BC to 1500 BC

Ø Main Ayurved Samhitas : approx 1000 BC

(by Agnivesh and Sushrut)

In verbal form up to 1000BC

                                     Ancient China

Chinese Medicine : : TCM

—  TCM – Traditional Chinese Medicine

—  2000  BC  to 1500 BC

—  In written form since ancient times

                             Greece and surrounding area 

Greek Medicine : : Allopathy and Unani

—  Around 700 BC to 500 BC

—  Somewhat disappeared in middle ages

—  Again flourishes with 2 branches

—                               1. from European countries …as                                  source of Allopathy

(nomenclature : in 18^th  century)

                                     2. Unani … form Middle east                                countries

                                                                                      Contd….

How to explain Kalpa in exam?

For 3^rd year Charak (U)  and PG

How to explain Kalpa in exam?

• Reference
• Main ingredients
• Type – Bhaishajya kalpana type
• Dose & Anupan & Sevan kaal (if and as mentioned)
• Main action
• Phalashruti
• Rules if any
• Main domain of use 

                                                                       एलादि  गुटी 

       संदर्भ  क्षत क्षीण  चिकित्सा 

      प्रधान घटक  एला , त्वक् , पिप्पली , खर्जूर , द्राक्षा , मधु 

      कल्पना  गुटी 

      मात्रा  एक अक्ष 

      दिने दिने 

     

• [mentioned Granthokta Matra and convert in to current unit ..(here 10 gm per day)]

     उपयुक्तता  क्षत क्षीण , क्षयज - क्षतज  कास , रक्त ष्ठीवन , 
                     वात - पित्तज व्याधि , तृष्णा , हिक्का , श्वास , दौर्बल्य                                  पार्श्वशूल , मूर्च्छा , मद , भ्रम , अरुचि , अभिघातज शोष ,                          
                     क्षतसन्धानकर , तर्पक , वृष्य ,(शीत कल्प).

Mainly effective in Apatarpanjanya diseases in which following pathological aspects are developed --

~Vata and Pitta are dominant

~Dhutukshaya

~Oja-kshaya

# has capacity --

to regenerate especially Rakta, Mamsa, Shukra

to heal internal wounds/lacerations/erosion

.......................elaborate the KALPA with these guidelines.
                                       
                                      XXXXXXXXX

Annals of Ayurvedic Medicine Vol-7 Issue-3-4 Jul-Dec, 2018 96
Review Article

Exclusivity of the Bower Manuscript- Naavaneetakam
Yashashree Vasant Joshi,
Dept of Basic Principles, College of Ayurved, Bharati Vidyapeeth(Deemed to be University), Pune.
Corresponding Authors email: dryashashreejoshi@gmail.com

Date of Submission: 30.08.2018, Date of acceptance: 04.12.2018

ABSTRACT
Literature research is of much importance in Ayurveda as Ayurveda fraternity accepts the information depicted in the original and ancient Ayurveda Sanskrit Texts. Research of Ayurveda literature is not confined to Ayurvedic Samhitas only but is extended to allied literature including Manuscript studies. Naavaneetakam is a part of the Bower Manuscript (BMS) - one of the oldest birch bark manuscript and is unique in many respects. It is a compendium of prescriptions for various diseases. The manuscript contents some attention-grabbing information regarding various formulae which includes different indications, unusual etiology of some conditions and unfamiliar names of a few diseases. Such atypical information along with brief information of the BMS is explored to Ayurveda fraternity through this article. All these exclusivities of the BMS have potential to provide the nucleus for applied research.

Key words : Bower Manuscript, Ayurveda , Ancient Literature

Annals Ayurvedic Med 2018 :7 (3-4) 96-103